Plastic pollution may be addressed in multiple ways, with the concept of reduce, reuse, and recycle representing a helpful but imperfect solution. Halden, in Plastic Waste and Recycling, 2020 20.5.4 Reduce, reuse, and recycle Also, recent developments such as composting, phytoremediation, and mushroom culturing have substantial potential in cleanup of these wastes.Ĭayla R. Pleurotus cultivation may even aid removal of pollutants from contaminated waste sites.įood waste can be treated by a two-stage anaerobic process, followed by an aerobic treatment to completely mineralize the pollutants. Producing a crop of mushrooms while disposing of an otherwise hazardous waste has become a popular “research model” in recent years. While actively growing, these mushrooms produce enzymes that can degrade lignins, phenolics, and tannins. Apart from the general methods, these wastes can also be detoxified by growing mushrooms (e.g., Pleurotus and Lentinula species). Residues from extraction of oils such as cotton, olive, and palm contain tannins and phenolics that are toxic to plants and animals. Examples in the literature show that the full range of food processing wastes can be composted, including fruit and vegetable wastes such as peelings and skin whole fish and fish offal meat processing wastes such as paunch contents, blood, fats, intestines, and manure and grain processing wastes such as chaff, hulls, pods, stems, and weeds ( Schaub and Leonard, 1996). Composition of the composting feedstock needs to be controlled to obtain the appropriate physical mix to allow the natural composting aerobic bioprocesses to proceed. Composted material is valued as a soil amendment or potting soil, but widespread use and marketability are constrained by shipping cost. However, odor and leaching of soluble constituents are limiting factors. Composting is one such option of disposal. Apart from the well-known methods of bioremediation, newer methodologies have been adopted for improving the efficiency of transformation, reducing sludge formation, and aiding in the formation of sludge that can be used for farming purposes. Two-phase reactor systems are best suited for degradation. All the same, the waste generated from this industry (as discussed earlier) is best treated by bioremediation methods. The four Rs of waste management (recover, reduce, reuse, and recycle) are best suited for the food industry.
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